Foto diperoleh dari http://www.nation.com.pk/cartoons/2013-05-19/english-grammar-types-of-tenses-one-day-our-country-will-be-free-of-corrution-which-tense-is |
Tense, sekali lagi, menjawab pertanyaan "kapan" sementara aspek menjawab "bagaimana." Aspek, dengan kata lain, mendeskripsi gambaran aktivitas atau kejadian. Misalnya kalimat:
I sleep,
I am
sleeping,
I have
slept,
I have been
sleeping,
merupakan present tense karena mendeskripsikan kejadian saat ini namun masing-masing dari mereka menyampaikan informasi
dan sudut pandang yang berbeda perihal bagaimana kejadian tersebut berlaku di
waktu present. Akhirnya, mereka mengandung aspect yang berbeda.
Tense Aspect
Present I
sleep. I am sleeping. I have slept. I have been sleeping.
Past I slept. I was sleeping. I had
slept. I had been sleeping.
Future I will sleep. I will be sleeping. I will have slept. I will have
been sleeping.
Aspek, seperti yang disampaikan oleh Verhaar, menunjukkan segi arti verba yang berkaitan dengan dimulainya, berlangsungnya, terjadinya, diulang tidaknya, selesai tidaknya, atau adanya hasil tidaknya, dari keadaan tindakan tersebut. Kalimat "I sleep" dan "I am sleeping" di atas mengandung tense yang sama, yaitu present, namun aspek yang berbeda, yaitu simple dan progressive (atau continuous), secara berurutan.
Tense-aspect system
Tenses
|
Aspects
|
Tense-aspect
system
|
Present
|
Simple
Progressive
Perfect
Perfect
progressive
|
S + bare
infinitive
S + am/
is/ are + present participle
S + have/
has + past participle
S + have/
has + been + present participle
|
Past
|
Simple
Progressive
Perfect
Perfect
proressive
|
S + past
simple
S + was/
were + present participle
S + had + past participle
S + had +
been + present participle
|
Future
|
Simple
Progressive
Perfect
Perfect
progressive
|
S + will
+ bare infinitive
S + will
+ be + present participle
S + will
+ have +past participle
S + will
+ have + been +present participle
|
Tense-aspect
(atau tenses saja) merupakan momok bagi hampir semua pelajar ESL. Ini
diakibatkan karena mereka hanya mengandalkan hafalan daripada mengerti garis
besar konsep tenses. Untuk menguasai ke 12 tenses (total tenses adalah 16 –
4 past future tenses akan dibahas di bagian hypothetical
subjunctive), kalian wajib memahami resep dasar tense dan
aspect berikut. Perhatikan penentuan auxiliary tiap tenses.
SIMPLE
Bare
infinitive (V1)
Present simple
S + V1 (s/es)
V1 dengan sufiks s/
es bagi subject tunggal dan kata ganti ketiga
kembali menjadi bare infinitive dalam negative
dan interrogative dengan auxiliary does.
S + does + not + V1
|
Past simple
S + V2
V2 akhirnya menjadi bare
infinitive dalam negative dan interrogative dengan auxiliary
did.
S + did + not + V1
|
Future simple
S + will + V1
Future tenses selalu melibatkan modal will (atau shall) yang
tidak mengalami konjugasi walaupun subject tunggal dan kata ganti ketiga.
|
PROGRESSIVE
Be + present participle
(V-ing)
Present
progressive
S
+ am/ is/ are + V-ing
|
Past
progressive
S
+ was/ were + V-ing
|
Future
progressive
S
+ will + be + V-ing
|
PERFECT
3H + past participle (V3)
Present
perfect
S
+ have/ has + V3
|
Past
perfect
S
+ had + V3
|
Future
perfect
S
+ will + have + V3
|
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
3H + V3 + Be + V-ing
3H + been + V-ing
Present
perfect progressive
S
+ have/ has + been + V-ing
|
Past
perfect progressive
S
+ had + been + V-ing
|
Future
perfect progressive
S
+ will + have + been + V-ing
|
Saya sangat tidak menyarankan kalian untuk menghafal pola tenses. Namun jika kalian harus melakukannya, kalian cukup menghafal empat pola aspek di atas, kemudian terapkan dalam tenses.
Berikut resep lengkap tenses dan aspects beserta contoh kalimat:
V1
|
Be
+ V-ing
|
3H
+ V3
|
3H
+ Been + V-ing
|
|
Simple
|
Proggressive
|
Perfect
|
Perfect
Proggressive
|
|
Present
|
S V1 (s/es)
It rains every day.
Hujan turun tiap hari.
S do/ does not V1
It does not rain.
Hujan tidak turun.
Do/ does S V1?
Does it rain?
Apakah hujan turun?
Do/ does S not
V1?
Does it not rain?
Apa hujan tidak turun?
|
S am/ is/ are V-ing
It is raining.
Hujan sedang turun.
S am/ is/ are not
V-ing
It is not raining.
Hujan tidak sedang turun.
Am/ is/
are S V-ing?
Is it raining?
Apakah hujan sedang turun?
Am/ is/
are S not V-ing?
Is it not raining?
Apa hujan tidak sedang turun?
|
S have/ has V3
It has rained already.
Hujan sudah turun.
S have/ has not V3
It has not rained.
Hujan belum turun.
Have/ has S V3?
Has it rained?
Apakah hujan sudah turun?
Have/ has S not
V3?
Has it not rained?
Apakah hujan belum turun?
|
S have/ has been V-ing
It has been raining all day.
Hujan sudah (& masih) turun
seharian.
S have/ has not been
V-ing
It has not been raining.
Hujan belum turun (sepanjang hari)
Have/ has S been V-ing?
Has it been raining all day?
Apakah hujan sudah turun seharian?
Have/ has S not
been V-ing?
Has it not been raining all day?
Apakah hujan belum turun seharian?
|
Past
|
S V2
It rained yesterday.
Hujan turun kemarin.
S did not V1
It did not rain.
Hujan tidak turun.
Did S V1?
Did it rain?
Apakah hujan turun?
Did S not V1?
Did it not rain?
Apakah hujan tidak turun?
|
S was/ were V-ing
It was raining at 7 pm.
Hujan sedang turun jam 7 malam.
S was/ were not
V-ing
It was not raining.
Hujan tidak sedang turun.
Was/
were S V-ing?
Was it raining?
Apakah hujan sedang turun?
Was/
were S not V-ing?
Was it not raining?
Apakah hujan tidak sedang turun?
|
S had V3
It had rained when I left the
airport yesterday.
Hujan sudah turun saat saya
meninggalkan bandara kemarin.
S had not V3
It had not rained.
Hujan belum turun.
Had S V3?
Had it rained?
Apakah hujan sudah turun?
Had S not V3?
Had it not rained?
Apakah hujan belum turun?
|
S had been V-ing
It had been raining all day when I
left the airport yesterday.
Hujan sudah (dan masih) turun saat
saya meninggalkan bandara kemarin.
S had not been V-ing
It had not been raining all day.
Hujan belum turun seharian.
Had S been V-ing?
Had it been raining all day?
Apakah hujan sudah turun seharian?
Had S not been V-ing?
Had it not been raining all day?
Apakah hujan belum turun seharian?
|
Future
|
S will V1
It will rain tomorrow.
Hujan turun besok.
S will not V1
It will not rain.
Hujan tidak akan turun.
Will S V1?
Will it rain?
Apa hujan akan turun?
Will S not V1?
Will it not rain?
Apa hujan tidak akan turun?
|
S will be V-ing
It will be raining at 7 pm.
Hujan akan sedang turun jam 7
malam.
S will not be V-ing
It will not be raining.
Hujan tidak akan sedang turun.
Will S be V-ing?
Will it be raining?
Apakah hujan akan sedang turun?
Will S not be V-ing?
Will it not be raining?
Apakah hujan tidak akan sedang turun?
|
S will have V3
It will have rained at 7 pm.
Hujan akan sudah turun jam 7
malam.
S will not have V3
It will not have rained.
Hujan (akan) belum turun.
Will S have V3?
Will it have rained?
Apakah hujan akan sudah turun?
Will S not have V3?
Will it not have rained?
Apakah hujan tidak akan sudah turun?
|
S will have been V-ing
It will have been raining all day.
Hujan akan masih turun seharian.
S will not have been
V-ing
It will not have been raining all day.
Hujan (akan) belum turun seharian.
Will S have been V-ing?
Will it have been raining all day?
Apakah hujan akan masih turun seharian?
Will S not have been
V-ing?
Will it not have been raining all day?
Apakah hujan tidak akan turun seharian?
|
Semua
tenses tersebut menggunakan auxiliary verb dimulai dari kalimat positive
kecuali present simple dan past simple di mana
auxiliary 3D baru muncul di kalimat negative dan interrogative.
Kecuali kalimat nominal yang tetap menggunakan copula:
We
are not alone.
We do not be alone.
Kalimat negative selalu melibatkan not
di mana posisinya setelah auxiliary. Apabila terdapat
2/lebih auxiliary, posisikan not setelah operator.
Tense
yang melibatkan paling banyak auxiliary adalah future perfect progressive
dengan 3 auxiliary; will, have dan been.
2 kelompok utama subjek
I : They, we, you
II : She, he, it
Subject i dapat
bergabung dalam kelompok I dan II
4 tenses yang mendiskriminasi
subjective pronoun
Present
simple
Do :
I dan i
Does :
II
Present progressive
Am : i
Are :
I
Is
: II
Past progressive
Were : I
Was : II,
dan i
Present perfect
Have : I, dan i
Has : II
Kalimat positive interrogative
selalu diawali dengan auxiliary kemudian diikuti dengan subyek
dan main verb. Apabila ada dua/ lebih auxiliary,
maka operator yang mengawali kalimat.
Operator
+ S + V bantu lainnya + V utama
Sedangkan
kalimat negative interrogative tetap diawali dengan
operator dan langsung diikuti subject kemudian not.
Operator
+ S + NOT + V bantu lainnya + V utama
Not
dapat mendahului subject apabila ia mengalami kontraksi:
Don’t you remember?
Pola
kontraksi tersebut dianggap tidak formal – hanya digunakan dalam
standard spoken English. Namun, kontraksi tersebut dapat sejalan dengan tag
question di mana penutur membutuhkan klarifikasi. Bandingkan:
Did
you not
come? Didn’t
you come?
Apakah
anda tidak
datang?
Bukankah anda datang?
Shall, awalnya, berdampingan dengan first
person pronoun yaitu I dan we. Namun, penggunaannya
dapat dipertukarkan dengan will saat ini – dan will dianggap lebih umum.
Adverb
of Time
Keterangan
waktu sangat membantu kita dalam menyampaikan tenses yang tepat. Beberapa
adverb of time berikut dapat digunakan dalam semua tenses seperti always,
selebihnya terikat dengan satu tense seperti today.
Present
Simple
Every/ each (setiap) …, in the
morning (pagi hari), at night (malam hari), always (selalu), never (tidak
pernah), seldom/rarely (jarang), usually (biasanya), often/ most of the time
(sering), sometimes/ occasionally/ at times (kadang-kadang), sometime
(kapan-kapan), once in a while/ every now and then (sekali-sekali) dst.
Present
Progressive
Today
(hari ini), right now/at this moment (saat ini), this week (minggu ini)/this
month (bulan ini)/ this year (tahun ini) dst.
Present
Perfect
In the past/in the last two months
(2 bulan belakangan ini), since (sejak), for (selama), already, yet, recently/
lately (belakangan ini/baru-baru ini), so far (sejauh ini), up to now (sampai
saat ini), all day (sepanjang hari), all afternoon (sepanjang sore), all night
(sepanjang malam), all week (sepanjang minggu), never, always dst.
Present Perfect Progressive
SDA kecuali never dan always
Past Simple
Yesterday (kemarin), yesteryear
(tahun lalu – namun tidak yesterweek & yestermonth), 2 weeks ago (2 minggu
lalu), last year (tahun lalu), by then/ at the moment (pada saat itu), never dst.
Past Progressive
SDA dengan waktu spesifik (menunjukkan
jam/ didukung oleh situasi lain-menginterupsi kejadian progressive)
Past Perfect & Past Perfect Progressive
Since, for, already, yet, all day,
all afternoon, all week, all year dst.
(bandingkan dengan present perfect & present perfect progressive)
Future Simple
Next year (tahun depan), two weeks later/ two years to go/two years to come (2 minggu
depan), tomorrow (besok), the day after tomorrow (besok lusa) dst.
Future Progressive
SDA + waktu spesifik (menunjukkan
jam/ situasi lain), by (menjelang), by then (saat itu)
Future Perfect & Future Perfect Progressive
SDA+
since, for, already, yet, all day dst.
Garis besar adverb of time
Aspek simple
menggunakan adverb of time yang general.
Aspek
progressive menggunakan adverb of time yang spesifik.
Past simple menggunakan ago dan last.
Ago adalah post-modifier (di akhir) sementara last
adalah pre-modifier (di awal) – 3 bulan lalu (3 months ago/
last 3 months)
Future
simple menggunakan later dan
next. Later adalah post-M sedangkan next
adalah pre-M – 3 tahun depan (3 years later/ next 3
years) Atau to infinitive dalam wacana formal: 3 years to come, 3 years to
go.
Aspek perfect sebagian besar menggunakan since, for,
already dan yet dan all .. Present
perfect dan present perfect progressive dapat menggunakan
adverb of time yang masih berhubungan dengan masa kini seperti in
the past/last …, recently/lately, so far,
up to now, all day dst.,
tetapi past perfect dan past perfect progressive
tidak lagi berhubungan dengan masa kini yang akhirnya hanya berkutat pada since,
for, already, yet dan all
...
Since mengindikasikan durasi kejadian
dari titik awal sampai titik akhir. Since akhirnya
diikuti ago (yang lalu) - since 2 days ago (sejak
dua hari yang lalu) – dimulai dua hari yang lalu sampai saat ini.
Since tidak lagi mengenal ago
apabila waktunya sudah menyebutkan nama tahun, bulan,
dan hari: since 1999, since May, since Friday.
For menyatakan durasi
(tanpa ago) yang menunjukkan total dari keseluruhan waktu
kejadian – for 2 days (selama dua hari).
Saya akan
membahas satu per satu tense tersebut di post selanjutnya. Semoga
bermanfaat.
Wow, what a magnificent recipe. .
BalasHapusstill confused with the use of "since", is it for present or past perfect??
Since dalam Present Perfect:
BalasHapusmenunjuk titik awal kejadian yang masih berlaku sampai saat ini
I've worked here since last year. (Subyek masih bekerja sejak tahun lalu sampai saat ini.)
menunjuk titik awal kejadian yang (baru saja) selesai saat ini (seringkali ditegaskan oleh hasil aksi yang masih berlaku)
I've worked on this project since morning. (Subyek menyelesaikan proyek tersebut sejak tadi pagi dan (baru saja) selesai di hari itu juga.)
Since dalam Past Perfect:
menunjuk titik awal kejadian yang (sudah) berlaku di masa lalu
Before I got a new job, I had worked there since last year. (Aktivitas "bekerja" dimulai sejak tahun lalu dan berhenti di masa lalu pula.)
You asked a good question, Anthy. Feel free to ask further about this and make sure to check out the next posts.
sure, thankz a heap
Hapus